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BLOGMultifactor Leadership Questionnaire™ + Authentic Leadership Questionnaire
MLQ Authors: Bernard M. Bass & Bruce J. Avolio
ALQ Authors: Bruce J. Avolio, William L. Gardner, & Fred O. Walumbwa
The Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire™ (MLQ) measures a broad range of leadership types from passive leaders, to leaders who give contingent rewards to followers, to leaders who transform their followers into becoming leaders themselves. Highly transformational leaders can, however, be highly effective without being authentic (e.g. Hitler), as defined below.
The Authentic Leadership Questionnaire (ALQ) measures key components of authentic leadership:
- Self Awareness: To what degree is the leader aware of his or her strengths, limitations, how others see him or her and how the leader impacts others?
- Transparency: To what degree does the leader reinforce a level of openness with others that provides them with an opportunity to be forthcoming with their ideas, challenges and opinions?
- Ethical/Moral: To what degree does the leader set a high standard for moral and ethical conduct?
- Balanced Processing: To what degree does the leader solicit sufficient opinions and viewpoints prior to making important decisions?
This combination of instruments is offered for the convenience of conducting a single survey rather than two separate surveys on Mind Garden's Transform system. For purchase of Reports or for PDF licenses, see each instrument separately.
MLQ Copyright © 1995 by Bernard Bass & Bruce J. Avolio; ALQ Copyright © 2007 by Bruce J. Avolio, William L. Gardner, & Fred O. Walumbwa
Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire™ is a trademark of Mind Garden, Inc.
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- Sample Items
- Product Specs
- Resources
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- Manual: MLQ + ALQ$75.00Includes one manual each for the ALQ and the MLQ. Special package pricing of $75. Includes details on reliability, validity, scoring, etc. and a review-only copy of the ALQ and the MLQ forms. PDFs are not refundable.In Stock
- Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire™: MLQ II 360 Leader's Report with Authentic Leadership Styles$125.00Read more about Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire™
Builds a report that interprets and compares others' ratings of an individual to their self-rating on both the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ) and the Authentic Leadership Questionnaire (ALQ). You invite participants to take the survey and Transform™ generates their reports.In Stock - Individual Report: MLQ + ALQ Self Form$35.00Builds a report that interprets an individual's MLQ and ALQ scores. You invite others to take the survey and Transform™ generates their reports.In Stock
- Report About Me: MLQ + ALQ Self Form$35.00Interprets and reports on your MLQ + ALQ scores. You complete the survey and Transform™ generates your report. Transform will connect this report to the "Send To" email provided at checkout. Note: This product is for a single use, with automated survey administration. For multiple uses, buy instead the Individual Report product in quantity needed.In Stock
- Transform Survey Hosting: MLQ + ALQ Multi-rater Form$13.20Minimum purchase of 10. Minimum purchase quantity 10 enables you to invite 10 participants, plus their raters, to the 360-style MLQ + ALQ assessment. Online administration via our Transform™ system includes data collection with raw scale scores by participant and rater. Customization services are available.In Stock
- Transform Survey Hosting: MLQ + ALQ Self Form (Data)$4.29Minimum purchase of 20. Allows you to administer the MLQ + ALQ Self Form as an online survey using Mind Garden's Transform™ System. Includes data collection: data file with participants' raw data and raw scale scores. Customization services are available.In Stock
Sample Items
Product Specs
Features of the ALQ + MLQ
Purpose: Measure transformational leadership along with authenticity in leadership
Length: 61 items
Average completion time: 25-30 minutes
Target population: Working adults
Administration: For individual or group administration
Uses of the ALQ + MLQ
- Leadership assessment and development
- Career/Worklife assessment
- Leadership research
Scales
Transformational Leadership:
Builds Trust (Idealized Attributes)
Acts with Integrity (Idealized Behaviors)
Encourages Others (Inspirational Motivation)
Encourages Innovative Thinking (Intellectual Stimulation)
Coaches & Develops People (Individualized Consideration)
Transactional Leadership:
Rewards Acheivement (Contingent Reward)
Monitors Deviations & Mistakes (Management-by-Exception: Active)
Passive/Avoidant:
Fights Fires (Management-by-Exception: Passive)
Avoids Involvement (Laissez-Faire)
Outcomes of Leadership:
Generates Extra Effort
Is Productive (Effectiveness)
Generates Satisfaction
Self Awareness
Transparency
Ethical/Moral
Balanced Processing
Resources
Need help organizing and analyzing your data? We recommend Statistics Solutions, a team of Ph.D research methodologists and statisticians who specialize in psychological survey instruments, research design, data analysis, etc. Click here to contact Statistics Solutions.
Avolio, B. J. (1999). Full leadership development: Building the vital forces in organizations. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Avolio, B. J. (2005). Leadership development in balance: Made/born. NJ: Erlbaum & Associates.
Avolio, B. J. (2011). Full range leadership development (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE.
Avolio, B. J. & Bass, B. M. (2002). Developing potential across a full range of leadership: Cases on transactional and transformational leadership. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Avolio, B. J., & Luthans, F. (2006). High impact leader: Moments matter in authentic leadership development. NY: McGraw-Hill.
Bass, B. M. (1985). Leadership and performance beyond expectations. New York: Free Press.
Bass, B. M. (1990). Bass & Stogdill's handbook of leadership: Theory, research, and managerial applications. New York: Free Press.
Bass, B. M. (1998). Transformational leadership: Individual, military and educational impact. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
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Bass, B. M. & Bass, R. (2008). The Bass handbook of leadership (4th ed.). New York: Free Press.
Bass, B. M. & Riggio, R. E. (2005). Transformational leadership (2nd ed.). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Sosik, J. J. (2015). Leading with character: Stories of valor and virtue and the principles they teach (2nd ed.). Charlotte, NC: Information Age Publishing.
Sosik, J. J. & Jung, D. I. (2010). Full range leadership development: Pathways for people, profit and planet. New York: Routledge/Psychology Press.
Antonakis, J., Avolio B. J., & Sivasubramaniam, N. (2003). Context and leadership: an examination of the nine-factor full-range leadership theory using the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire. The Leadership Quarterly, 14(3), 261-295.
Avolio, B. J., Bass, B. M., & Jung, D. (1999). Reexamining the components of transformational and transactional leadership using the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 7, 441-462.
Barling, J., Weber, J., & Kelloway, E. K. (1996). Effects of transformational leadership training on attitudinal and financial outcomes: A field experiment. Journal of Applied Psychology, 81, 827-832.
Bass, B. M. (1997). Does the transactional-transformational leadership paradigm transcend organizational and national boundaries? American Psychologist, 52(2),130-139.
Bass, B. M., Avolio, B. J., Jung, D. I. & Berson, Y. (2003). Predicting unit performance by assessing transformational and transactional leadership. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(2), 207-218.
Balthazard, P. A., Waldman, D. A., Thatcher, R. W., & Hannah, S.T. (2012). Differentiating transformational and non-transformational leaders on the basis of neurological imaging. The Leadership Quarterly, 23(2), 244-258.
Block, L. (2003). The leadership-culture connection: An exploratory investigation. Leadership & Organizational Development Journal, 24(6). 318-334.
Bono, J. E., Hooper, A. C., & Yoon, D. J. (2012). Impact of rater personality on transformational and transactional leadership ratings. The Leadership Quarterly, 23(1), 132-145.
Breevart, K., Bakker, A. B., Demerouti, E., Sleebos, D. M., & Maduro, V. (2014). Uncovering the underlying relationship between transformational leaders and followers’ task performance. Journal of Personnel Psychology, 13(4), 194-203.
Brown, D.J. & Keeping, L.M. (2005). Elaborating the construct of transformational leadership: The role of affect. The Leadership Quarterly, 16(2), 245-272.
Dvir, T., Eden, D., Avolio, B. J.,& Shamir, B. (2002). Impact of transformational leadership on follower development and performance: A field experiment. Academy of Management Journal, 45, 735-744.
Eagly, A. H. Johannesen-Schmidt, M. C., & Van Engen, M. L. (2003). Transformational, transactional, and laissez-faire leadership styles : A meta-analysis comparing women and men. Psychological Bulletin 129, 4, 569-591.
Eisenbeiss, S. A., van Knippenberg, D., & Boerner, S. (2008). Transformational leadership and team innovation: Integrating team climate principles. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93, 1438-1446.
Hamstra, M. R. W., Van Yperen, N. W., Wisse, B., & Sassenberg, K. (2011). Transformational-transactional leadership styles and followers’ regulatory focus: Fit reduces followers’ turnover intentions. Journal of Personnel Psychology, 10(4), 182-186.
Hinkin, T. R. & Schrieshiem, C. A. (2008). An examination of 'nonleadership': From laissez-faire leadership to leader reward omission and punishment omission. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93, 1234-1248.
Hinkin, T. R. & Schriesheim, C. A. (2008). A theoretical and empirical examination of the transactional and non-leadership dimensions of the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire. The Leadership Quarterly, 19(5), 501-513.
Howell, J. M., & Avolio, B. J. (1993). Transformational leadership, transactional leadership, locus of control, and support for innovation: Key predictors of consolidated business business-unit performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78, 891–902.
Johnson, A. M., Vernon, P. A., Harris, J. A., Jang, K. L. (2004). A behavior genetic investigation of the relationship between leadership and personality. Twin Research, 7(1), 27-32.
Judge, T. A., & Piccolo, R. F. (2004). Transformational and transactional leadership: A meta-analytic test of their relative validity. Journal of Applied Psychology, 89 (5), 755-768.
Kovjanic, S., Schuh, S. C., Jonas, K., Van Quaquebeke, N., & Van Dick, R. (2012). How do transformational leaders foster positive employee outcomes? A self‐determination‐based analysis of employees' needs as mediating links. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 33, 1031-1052.
Li, C. & Shi, K. (2003). Transformational leadership and its relationship with leader effectiveness. Psychological Science (China), 26(1), 115-117.
Pieterse, A. N., Van Knippenberg, D., Schippers, M., & Stam, D. (2010). Transformational and transactional leadership and innovative behavior: The moderating role of psychological empowerment. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 31, 609-623.
Zarandi, A., Ghorbani, N., Alavi, S. B. (2012). Relationship between five-factor of personality and transformational leadership based on the other-appraisal of subordinates & super ordinates. Psychological Research, 14 (2), 96 - 111.
Zhu, W., Avolio, B. J., Riggio, R. E., Sosik, J. J. (2011). The effects of transformational leadership on follower and group ethics. The Leadership Quarterly,10, 801-817.
Bass, B. M., & Bass, R. (2008). The Bass handbook of leadership: Theory, research, and managerial applications (4th ed.). New York, NY: Free Press.
Gardner, W.L., Avolio, B.J., & Walumbwa, F. (2006). Authentic Leadership Theory and Practice: Origins, effects and development. Amsterdam: Elsevier JAI Press.
Avolio, B.J. (2011). Pursing authentic leadership development, In N. Nohria, & R. Khurana (eds), The Handbook of Leadership Theory and Practice. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press.
Avolio, B.J., & Chan, A. (2008). The dawning of a new era for genuine leadership development. In Hodgkinson, G., & Ford, K. (eds.) International Review of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 23.
Avolio, B.J., & Gardner, W.L. (2005). Authentic leadership development: Getting to the root of positive forms of leadership. Leadership Quarterly, 16, 315-338.
Avolio, B.J., Gardner, W.L., Walumbwa, F.O., Luthans, F., & May, D. (2004). Unlocking the mask: A look at the process by which authentic leaders’ impact follower attitudes and behaviors. Leadership Quarterly, 15, 801-823.
Avolio, B.J., Griffith, J., Walumbwa, F., & Wernsing, T. (2010). What is authentic leadership. development? Handbook of Positive Psychology and Work. UK: Oxford Press.
Avolio, B.J., Walumbwa, F.O. & Zimmerman, C. (2014). Authentic leadership theory, research and practice: Steps taken and steps that remain. In D. Day, Oxford Handbook of Leadership and Organizations, Oxford, 331 - 356. Oxford University Press.
Avolio, B.J., & Wernsing, T. S. (2008). Practicing authentic leadership. In Lopez, S. J. (Ed.). Positive psychology: Exploring the best in people. Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Company, pp. 147-165.
Gardner, W.L., Avolio, B.J., Luthans, F., May, D.R., & Walumbwa, F.O. (2005). Can you see the real me? A self-based model of authentic leader and follower development. Leadership Quarterly, 16, 434-372.
Hannah, S.T., & Avolio, B.J. (2011). Leader character, ethos and virtue: Individual and collective considerations. The Leadership Quarterly, 22, 989-984.
Hannah, S. T., & Avolio, B. J. (2011). Moral potency: Building the capacity for character-based leadership. Consulting Psychology Journal, 62, 692-310.
Hannah, S.T., Avolio, B.J., & May, D.R. (2011). Building moral capacity: Toward a holistic development model. Academy of Management Review, 36, 663-685.
Hannah, S.T., Avolio, B.J, & Walumbwa, F.O. (2011). Authentic leadership and effects on follower moral courage, psychological capital, and performance. Business Ethics Quarterly, 21, 555-57.
Norman, S.M., Avolio, B.J., & Luthans, F. (2010) The impact of positivity and transparency on trust in leader and their perceived effectiveness. The Leadership Quarterly, 21, 350-364.
Rego, A., Sousa, F., Marques, C., Cunha, M. P. (2012). Authentic leadership promoting employees' psychological capital and creativity. Journal of Business Research, 65(3), 429-437.
Walumbwa, F. O., Avolio, B.J., Gardner, W.L., Wernsing, T.S., Peterson, S.J. (2008). Authentic leadership: Development and validation of a theory-based measure. Journal of Management, 34(1), 89-126.
Wang, H., Sui, Y., Luthans, F., Wang, D., & Wu, Y. (2014). Impact of authentic leadership on performance: Role of followers' positive psychological capital and relational processes. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 35(1), 5-21.
Woolley, L., Caza, A., & Levy, L. (2011). Authentic leadership and follower development: Psychological capital, positive work climate, and gender. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 18(4), 438 - 448.
Rowold, J. (2005). Mutifactor Leadership Questionnaire: Psychometric properties of the German translation by Jens Rowold. Menlo Park, CA: Mind Garden.
American Psychological Association press release reports that the MLQ predicts leadership in battlefield simulations. See "Leadership Styles That Use Rewards and Shared Values Help Platoons Perform Well in Simulated Combat Situations: Implications for Leadership Training in the Military" at the American Psychological Association (3/26/03).
How transformational leadership works: Kaiser, Robert B. and Robert Hogan and S. Bartholomew Craig (2008). "Leadership and the fate of organizations." American Psychologist, 63(2) 96-110.
"Research on how leaders affect followers' self-concepts indicates that transformational leadership works by influencing followers to identify with a collective enterprise and to internalize group aspirations. Transactional leadership appeals to followers' self-interest, but transformational leadership changes the way followers see themselves—from isolated individuals to members of a larger group. Transformational leaders do this by modeling collective commitment (e.g., through self-sacrifice and the use of “we” instead of “I”), emphasizing the similarity of group members, and reinforcing collective goals, shared values, and common interests. When followers see themselves as members of a collective, they tend to endorse group values and goals, and this enhances their motivation to contribute to the greater good."
Research findings on transformational leadership from "Context and leadership: an examination of the nine-factor full-range leadership theory using the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire" by John Antonakis, Bruce J. Avolio and Nagaraj Sivasubramaniam, The Leadership Quarterly, 14(3), June 2003, 261-295:
- Transformational leaders created greater alignment around strategic visions and missions.
- Transformational leadership behavior factors are associated with organizational sales increases, market share, earnings and ROI.
- Scores on Transformational leadership predict individual and group performance.
- Transformational leadership has been found to explain between 45% and 60% of organizational performance.
- Transformational leaders created greater unit cohesion, commitment, and lower turnover.
- Transformational leadership predicted higher levels of product innovation in R & D teams.
- Transformational leaders created safer work environments.
- Transformational leadership training has been shown to improve leadership and associated performance over time.
Featured
A practical guide to leadership development based on the world's most thoroughly researched leadership development model.
Conversational and accessible, this Second Edition of Bruce J. Avolio's groundbreaking book uses the full range leadership development model as an organizing framework and shows how it can be directly applied to improving leadership at the individual, team, and organizational levels. Filled with examples that show how the full range model comes to life in today's global world, Full Range Leadership Development, Second Edition, demonstrates how people, timing, resources, the context of interaction, and expected results in performance and motivation all contribute to effective leadership.
Over the last decade, the full range model has become the most researched model in the leadership literature—and the most validated—and has been proven to be an accurate guide for developing exemplary leadership in diverse cultures, organizations, and leadership positions. The new edition shows how the process of leadership development is linked to validation and how the process of validation informs accelerated leadership development.
John J. Sosik and Don I. Jung (2010). Full Range Leadership Development: Pathways for People, Profit and Planet. Taylor and Francis.
It has been more than 20 years since Bernie Bass presented an integrated overview of full range leadership development. This has been the standard for providing leadership training around the world in business, military, religious and educational contexts. Penn State University’s master of leadership development program is directed by John J. Sosik and uses these transactional –transformational leadership paradigms as their foundation for their courses. This book can be used as a main textbook for this course and supplement any IO course in the area of leadership development.
Full range leadership development strives to grow transformational leadership in organizations at all levels, including followers, thereby generating numerous positive outcomes at all levels. Organizations that support and develop transformational leadership across organizational levels are more productive and profitable, attract and retain high quality associates, promote creativity and innovation, garner trust and commitment from employees, and are strategically positioned to respond well to changes in the market.
This book presents the different theories of leadership and concentrate on the process model of Full Range Leadership that explains the concepts and procedures by which leaders affect their followers (individual leadership), teams (leader to team), and organizations (leader to larger systems). This book can be used by practitioners or students, as the authors provide practical action steps for how to best develop and display behaviors in the Full Range Leadership Development model.
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